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CSS 高级用法

本文档涵盖了 CSS 开发中的常用技巧、预处理器和实用代码片段。

命名规范

BEM 命名规范

BEM(Block Element Modifier)是一种 CSS 命名方法论,由 Yandex 团队提出。

基本结构

部分说明示例
Block(块)独立的页面实体.form.menu.header
Element(元素)块的组成部分.form__input.menu__item
Modifier(修饰)块或元素的外观状态.form--success.menu__item--active

命名规则

css
/* 块:独立实体 */
.card { }
.header { }
.navigation { }

/* 元素:块的组成部分(双下划线) */
.card__title { }
.card__content { }
.navigation__item { }

/* 修饰符:改变外观或行为(双连字符) */
.card--featured { }
.navigation__item--active { }

/* 组合使用 */
.card--featured .card__title { }
.navigation__item--active { }

使用示例

html
<!-- 基础卡片 -->
<div class="card">
  <h2 class="card__title">标题</h2>
  <p class="card__content">内容</p>
</div>

<!-- 带修饰符的卡片 -->
<div class="card card--featured">
  <h2 class="card__title">精选标题</h2>
  <p class="card__content">精选内容</p>
</div>

命名建议

  • 块名:使用有意义的单词,保持简短
  • 元素名:表示其在块中的用途,而非外观
  • 修饰名:表示状态或变体,如 activedisabledsuccess
css
/* 推荐 */
.search-form { }
.search-form__input { }
.search-form__button { }
.search-form--disabled { }

/* 不推荐 */
.red-box { }              /* 颜色不应作为块名 */
.search-form__bigInput { } /* 不应表示外观 */

Sass/SCSS

项目 Mixin

Flex 布局

scss
// flex 布局
@mixin flex($alignItem: center, $justifyContent: flex-start, $direction: row) {
  display: flex;
  align-items: $alignItem;
  justify-content: $justifyContent;
  flex-direction: $direction;
}

// 使用示例
.container {
  @include flex(center, space-between);
}

文本省略

scss
// 单行或多行文本省略
@mixin ellipsis($num) {
  @if $num > 1 {
    overflow: hidden;
    text-overflow: ellipsis;
    display: -webkit-box;
    -webkit-box-orient: vertical;
    -webkit-line-clamp: $num;
  } @else if $num == 1 {
    overflow: hidden;
    white-space: nowrap !important;
    text-overflow: ellipsis;
  }
}

// 使用示例
.title {
  @include ellipsis(1);  // 单行省略
}

.description {
  @include ellipsis(3);  // 三行省略
}

图标样式

scss
// 图标样式
@mixin icon-style($size: 20px, $margin: unset) {
  width: $size !important;
  height: $size !important;
  margin: $margin !important;
}

// 使用示例
.icon-close {
  @include icon-style(16px, 0 8px);
}

绝对居中

scss
// 绝对定位居中
@mixin absolute-center {
  position: absolute;
  top: 50%;
  left: 50%;
  transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
}

// 使用示例
.modal {
  @include absolute-center;
}

禁止换行

scss
// 禁止文字换行
@mixin text-nowrap {
  text-wrap: nowrap;
  white-space: nowrap;
  word-break: keep-all;
}

// 使用示例
.badge {
  @include text-nowrap;
}

自定义滚动条

scss
// 自定义滚动条样式
@mixin scroll-bar($width: 9px, $trackColor: #f8f8f8, $thumbColor: #dddddd, $thumbHoverColor: #bbb) {
  &::-webkit-scrollbar-track-piece {
    background-color: $trackColor;
  }

  &::-webkit-scrollbar {
    width: $width;
    height: $width;
  }

  &::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb {
    background-color: $thumbColor;
    background-clip: padding-box;
    min-height: 28px;
    border-radius: $width;
  }

  &::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:hover {
    background-color: $thumbHoverColor;
  }
}

// 使用示例
.custom-scroll {
  @include scroll-bar(8px, #f0f0f0, #ccc, #999);
}

常用 Sass 技巧

变量定义

scss
// 颜色变量
$primary-color: #409eff;
$success-color: #67c23a;
$warning-color: #e6a23c;
$danger-color: #f56c6c;
$info-color: #909399;

// 间距变量
$spacing-xs: 4px;
$spacing-sm: 8px;
$spacing-md: 16px;
$spacing-lg: 24px;
$spacing-xl: 32px;

// 字体大小
$font-size-xs: 12px;
$font-size-sm: 14px;
$font-size-base: 16px;
$font-size-lg: 18px;
$font-size-xl: 20px;

// 边框圆角
$border-radius-sm: 2px;
$border-radius-base: 4px;
$border-radius-lg: 8px;
$border-radius-circle: 50%;

条件判断

scss
// 根据条件生成不同样式
@mixin responsive($breakpoint) {
  @if $breakpoint == mobile {
    @media (max-width: 767px) { @content; }
  } @else if $breakpoint == tablet {
    @media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px) { @content; }
  } @else if $breakpoint == desktop {
    @media (min-width: 1024px) { @content; }
  }
}

// 使用
.container {
  @include responsive(mobile) {
    font-size: 14px;
  }
  @include responsive(desktop) {
    font-size: 16px;
  }
}

循环生成

scss
// 生成间距工具类
@each $size in (xs, sm, md, lg, xl) {
  .m-#{$size} {
    margin: var(--spacing-#{$size});
  }
  .p-#{$size} {
    padding: var(--spacing-#{$size});
  }
}

// 生成颜色变体
@each $color-key, $color-value in (primary: #409eff, success: #67c23a) {
  .text-#{$color-key} {
    color: $color-value;
  }
  .bg-#{$color-key} {
    background-color: $color-value;
  }
}

继承与占位符

scss
// 使用 % 占位符(不会生成 CSS)
%button-base {
  padding: 10px 20px;
  border: none;
  border-radius: 4px;
  cursor: pointer;
  font-size: 14px;
}

// 继承基础样式
.button-primary {
  @extend %button-base;
  background-color: $primary-color;
  color: white;
}

.button-success {
  @extend %button-base;
  background-color: $success-color;
  color: white;
}

函数定义

scss
// 颜色变暗
@function darken($color, $percent) {
  @return mix(black, $color, $percent);
}

// 颜色变亮
@function lighten($color, $percent) {
  @return mix(white, $color, $percent);
}

// px 转 rem
@function px2rem($px, $base: 16) {
  @return ($px / $base) * 1rem;
}

// 使用
.container {
  width: px2rem(320);  // 20rem
  background: darken($primary-color, 10%);
}

模块化导入

scss
// _variables.scss
$colors: (...);

// _mixins.scss
@import 'variables';
@mixin button-style(...) { }

// _buttons.scss
@import 'mixins';
.button {
  @include button-style;
}

// main.scss
@import 'variables';
@import 'mixins';
@import 'buttons';

Less

基础 Mixin

Flex 布局

less
.flex(@justify: center; @align: center; @direction: row; @wrap: nowrap) {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: @direction;
  justify-content: @justify;
  align-items: @align;
  flex-wrap: @wrap;
}

// 使用示例
.container {
  .flex(space-between, center);
}

文本省略

less
.ellipsis(@lines: 1) when (@lines = 1) {
  overflow: hidden;
  text-overflow: ellipsis;
  white-space: nowrap;
}

.ellipsis(@lines: 2) {
  overflow: hidden;
  text-overflow: ellipsis;
  display: -webkit-box;
  -webkit-line-clamp: @lines;
  -webkit-box-orient: vertical;
}

// 使用示例
.title {
  .ellipsis(1);
}

.description {
  .ellipsis(3);
}

居中对齐

less
.absolute-center() {
  position: absolute;
  top: 50%;
  left: 50%;
  transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
}

.flex-center() {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
}

清除浮动

less
.clearfix() {
  &::after {
    content: "";
    display: block;
    clear: both;
  }
}

Less 特性

嵌套规则

less
.nav {
  width: 200px;

  &__item {
    padding: 10px;

    &--active {
      background: #409eff;
    }

    &:hover {
      background: #66b1ff;
    }
  }
}

变量与插值

less
@prefix: ui;

.@{prefix}-button {
  width: @@var-width;
}

@var-width: 100px;

Mixin 守卫

less
// 条件 mixin
.border-radius(@radius) when (@radius > 0) {
  border-radius: @radius;
}

// 多条件
.border-radius(@radius) when (@radius > 0), (@radius = 'circle') {
  // ...
}

// 使用判断
.button {
  .border-radius(4px);
}

循环

less
// 生成响应式断点
.loop(@counter) when (@counter > 0) {
  .col-@{counter} {
    width: percentage(@counter / 12);
  }
  .loop(@counter - 1);
}

.loop(12);

// 生成间距
.generate-spacing(@n, @i: 1) when (@i =< @n) {
  .m-@{i} { margin: (@i * 4px); }
  .p-@{i} { padding: (@i * 4px); }
  .generate-spacing(@n, (@i + 1));
}

.generate-spacing(5);

布局技巧

Flexbox 布局

基础居中

css
/* 水平垂直居中 */
.flex-center {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
}

/* 水平居中 */
.flex-center-x {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
}

/* 垂直居中 */
.flex-center-y {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
}

两端对齐

css
/* 两端对齐 */
.flex-between {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  align-items: center;
}

/* 等间距分布 */
.flex-around {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-around;
  align-items: center;
}

自适应宽度

css
/* 自适应容器 */
.flex-auto {
  display: flex;
}

.flex-auto > *:first-child {
  flex: 1;  /* 占据剩余空间 */
  min-width: 0;
}

/* 固定 + 自适应 */
.flex-fixed-auto {
  display: flex;
}

.flex-fixed-auto .fixed {
  width: 200px;
  flex-shrink: 0;
}

.flex-fixed-auto .auto {
  flex: 1;
  min-width: 0;
}

Grid 布局

css
/* 基础网格 */
.grid-container {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
  gap: 16px;
}

/* 响应式网格 */
.grid-responsive {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(250px, 1fr));
  gap: 16px;
}

/* 指定区域布局 */
.grid-layout {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-areas:
    "header header"
    "sidebar main"
    "footer footer";
  grid-template-columns: 200px 1fr;
  grid-template-rows: auto 1fr auto;
  gap: 16px;
}

.header { grid-area: header; }
.sidebar { grid-area: sidebar; }
.main { grid-area: main; }
.footer { grid-area: footer; }

居中定位

css
/* 绝对定位居中 */
.absolute-center {
  position: absolute;
  top: 50%;
  left: 50%;
  transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
}

/* 固定定位居中 */
.fixed-center {
  position: fixed;
  top: 50%;
  left: 50%;
  transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
}

/* Flex 居中 */
.flex-center {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
}

/* Grid 居中 */
.grid-center {
  display: grid;
  place-items: center;
}

/* Margin 自动居中 */
.margin-center {
  margin: auto;
  width: fit-content;
}

多列布局

css
/* 左固定右自适应 */
.left-fixed-right-auto {
  display: flex;
}

.left-fixed {
  width: 200px;
  flex-shrink: 0;
}

.right-auto {
  flex: 1;
  min-width: 0;
}

/* 或使用 Grid */
.left-fixed-right-auto-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 200px 1fr;
  gap: 16px;
}

圣杯布局

css
.holy-grail {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 200px 1fr 200px;
  grid-template-rows: auto 1fr auto;
  grid-template-areas:
    "header header header"
    "nav    main   aside"
    "footer footer footer";
  min-height: 100vh;
  gap: 16px;
}

.header { grid-area: header; }
.nav { grid-area: nav; }
.main { grid-area: main; }
.aside { grid-area: aside; }
.footer { grid-area: footer; }

文字处理

文本省略

css
/* 单行省略 */
.ellipsis-1 {
  overflow: hidden;
  white-space: nowrap;
  text-overflow: ellipsis;
}

/* 多行省略 */
.ellipsis-2 {
  overflow: hidden;
  text-overflow: ellipsis;
  display: -webkit-box;
  -webkit-line-clamp: 2;
  -webkit-box-orient: vertical;
}

.ellipsis-3 {
  overflow: hidden;
  text-overflow: ellipsis;
  display: -webkit-box;
  -webkit-line-clamp: 3;
  -webkit-box-orient: vertical;
}

文字对齐

css
/* 文字左右对齐(两端对齐) */
.text-justify {
  text-align-last: justify;
  text-align: justify;
}

/* 文字居中 */
.text-center {
  text-align: center;
}

/* 文字右对齐 */
.text-right {
  text-align: right;
}

文字换行

css
/* 允许换行 */
.text-wrap {
  word-wrap: break-word;
  word-break: break-word;
  overflow-wrap: break-word;
}

/* 禁止换行 */
.text-nowrap {
  text-wrap: nowrap;
  white-space: nowrap;
  word-break: keep-all;
}

/* 强制换行 */
.text-break {
  word-break: break-all;
}

文字选中

css
/* 禁止选中 */
.no-select {
  -webkit-user-select: none;
  -moz-user-select: none;
  -ms-user-select: none;
  user-select: none;
}

/* 允许选中 */
.select-all {
  -webkit-user-select: all;
  -moz-user-select: all;
  -ms-user-select: all;
  user-select: all;
}

/* 选中文本样式 */
::selection {
  background: #409eff;
  color: white;
}

::-moz-selection {
  background: #409eff;
  color: white;
}

文字阴影

css
/* 基础文字阴影 */
.text-shadow {
  text-shadow: 1px 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}

/* 多层文字阴影 */
.text-shadow-glow {
  text-shadow:
    0 0 7px #fff,
    0 0 10px #fff,
    0 0 21px #fff,
    0 0 42px #0fa,
    0 0 82px #0fa,
    0 0 92px #0fa,
    0 0 102px #0fa,
    0 0 151px #0fa;
}

视觉效果

渐变背景

css
/* 线性渐变 */
.gradient-linear {
  background: linear-gradient(90deg, #409eff, #67c23a);
}

/* 对角渐变 */
.gradient-diagonal {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #667eea 0%, #764ba2 100%);
}

/* 径向渐变 */
.gradient-radial {
  background: radial-gradient(circle, #409eff, #667eea);
}

/* 多色渐变 */
.gradient-multi {
  background: linear-gradient(
    90deg,
    #409eff 0%,
    #67c23a 25%,
    #e6a23c 50%,
    #f56c6c 75%,
    #909399 100%
  );
}

阴影效果

css
/* 卡片阴影 */
.box-shadow-sm {
  box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}

.box-shadow-md {
  box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}

.box-shadow-lg {
  box-shadow: 0 8px 16px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}

/* 内阴影 */
.box-shadow-inset {
  box-shadow: inset 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}

/* 内边框 */
.border-inset {
  box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 1px #7472fa;
}

/* 多层阴影 */
.box-shadow-layered {
  box-shadow:
    0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1),
    0 2px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1),
    0 4px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1),
    0 8px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}

模糊效果

css
/* 背景模糊 */
.backdrop-blur {
  backdrop-filter: blur(10px);
  -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(10px);
  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5);
}

/* 图片模糊 */
.blur {
  filter: blur(5px);
}

/* 悬停清晰 */
.blur-to-clear {
  filter: blur(5px);
  transition: filter 0.3s;
}

.blur-to-clear:hover {
  filter: blur(0);
}

透明度

css
/* 元素透明 */
.opacity-0 { opacity: 0; }
.opacity-25 { opacity: 0.25; }
.opacity-50 { opacity: 0.5; }
.opacity-75 { opacity: 0.75; }
.opacity-100 { opacity: 1; }

/* 背景透明(不影响子元素) */
.bg-transparent {
  background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5);
}

/* 使用 rgba 透明背景 */
.bg-overlay {
  background: linear-gradient(
    to bottom,
    rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 0%,
    rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5) 100%
  );
}

圆角

css
/* 基础圆角 */
.rounded-sm { border-radius: 2px; }
.rounded { border-radius: 4px; }
.rounded-lg { border-radius: 8px; }
.rounded-xl { border-radius: 12px; }
.rounded-2xl { border-radius: 16px; }
.rounded-full { border-radius: 50%; }

/* 定向圆角 */
.rounded-t {
  border-top-left-radius: 4px;
  border-top-right-radius: 4px;
}

.rounded-r {
  border-top-right-radius: 4px;
  border-bottom-right-radius: 4px;
}

.rounded-b {
  border-bottom-left-radius: 4px;
  border-bottom-right-radius: 4px;
}

.rounded-l {
  border-top-left-radius: 4px;
  border-bottom-left-radius: 4px;
}

边框

css
/* 基础边框 */
.border {
  border: 1px solid #e4e7ed;
}

.border-2 {
  border: 2px solid #e4e7ed;
}

/* 定向边框 */
.border-t { border-top: 1px solid #e4e7ed; }
.border-r { border-right: 1px solid #e4e7ed; }
.border-b { border-bottom: 1px solid #e4e7ed; }
.border-l { border-left: 1px solid #e4e7ed; }

/* 虚线边框 */
.border-dashed {
  border: 1px dashed #e4e7ed;
}

/* 圆角边框 */
.border-circle {
  border: 1px solid #e4e7ed;
  border-radius: 50%;
}

背景图片

css
/* 基础背景图 */
.bg-image {
  background-image: url('@/assets/images/bg.png');
  background-size: 100% auto;
  background-repeat: no-repeat;
  background-position: top center;
}

/* 背景图居中 */
.bg-center {
  background-image: url('@/assets/images/bg.png');
  background-size: cover;
  background-position: center;
  background-repeat: no-repeat;
}

/* 多重背景 */
.bg-multiple {
  background:
    url('@/assets/images/bg1.png') no-repeat top left,
    url('@/assets/images/bg2.png') no-repeat bottom right;
}

/* 固定背景 */
.bg-fixed {
  background-attachment: fixed;
  background-image: url('@/assets/images/bg.png');
  background-size: cover;
}

本地字体

css
/* 使用字体工具压缩:https://www.fontspider.vip/ */
@font-face {
  font-family: 'MyFont';
  src:
    url('@/assets/fonts/MyFont-Regular.woff2') format('woff2'),
    url('@/assets/fonts/MyFont-Regular.woff') format('woff');
  font-weight: 400;
  font-style: normal;
  font-display: swap;
}

/* 使用字体 */
.title {
  font-family: 'MyFont', 'PingFangSC-Regular', 'Microsoft YaHei', sans-serif;
}

动画过渡

过渡效果

css
/* 基础过渡 */
.transition {
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
}

/* 指定属性过渡 */
.transition-colors {
  transition:
    color 0.3s ease,
    background-color 0.3s ease,
    border-color 0.3s ease;
}

.transition-transform {
  transition: transform 0.3s ease;
}

/* 过渡缓动函数 */
.ease-linear { transition-timing-function: linear; }
.ease-in { transition-timing-function: ease-in; }
.ease-out { transition-timing-function: ease-out; }
.ease-in-out { transition-timing-function: ease-in-out; }

悬停效果

css
/* 悬停上浮 */
.hover-lift {
  transition: transform 0.3s ease, box-shadow 0.3s ease;
}

.hover-lift:hover {
  transform: translateY(-4px);
  box-shadow: 0 8px 16px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
}

/* 悬停放大 */
.hover-scale {
  transition: transform 0.3s ease;
}

.hover-scale:hover {
  transform: scale(1.05);
}

/* 悬停变暗 */
.hover-darken {
  transition: filter 0.3s ease;
}

.hover-darken:hover {
  filter: brightness(0.8);
}

关键帧动画

css
/* 淡入 */
@keyframes fadeIn {
  from { opacity: 0; }
  to { opacity: 1; }
}

.fade-in {
  animation: fadeIn 0.3s ease-in-out;
}

/* 滑入 */
@keyframes slideInUp {
  from {
    opacity: 0;
    transform: translateY(20px);
  }
  to {
    opacity: 1;
    transform: translateY(0);
  }
}

.slide-in-up {
  animation: slideInUp 0.3s ease-out;
}

/* 旋转 */
@keyframes spin {
  from { transform: rotate(0deg); }
  to { transform: rotate(360deg); }
}

.spin {
  animation: spin 1s linear infinite;
}

/* 脉冲 */
@keyframes pulse {
  0%, 100% { opacity: 1; }
  50% { opacity: 0.5; }
}

.pulse {
  animation: pulse 2s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.6, 1) infinite;
}

/* 弹跳 */
@keyframes bounce {
  0%, 100% {
    transform: translateY(-25%);
    animation-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0.8, 0, 1, 1);
  }
  50% {
    transform: translateY(0);
    animation-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0, 0, 0.2, 1);
  }
}

.bounce {
  animation: bounce 1s infinite;
}

加载动画

css
/* 旋转加载 */
@keyframes spinner {
  to { transform: rotate(360deg); }
}

.spinner {
  display: inline-block;
  width: 20px;
  height: 20px;
  border: 2px solid rgba(64, 158, 255, 0.3);
  border-top-color: #409eff;
  border-radius: 50%;
  animation: spinner 0.6s linear infinite;
}

/* 点状加载 */
@keyframes dots {
  0%, 20% { color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); text-shadow: .25em 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0), .5em 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); }
  40% { color: #409eff; text-shadow: .25em 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0), .5em 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); }
  60% { text-shadow: .25em 0 0 #409eff, .5em 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); }
  80%, 100% { text-shadow: .25em 0 0 #409eff, .5em 0 0 #409eff; }
}

.loading-dots::after {
  content: ' .';
  animation: dots 1.5s steps(5, end) infinite;
}

/* 进度条 */
@keyframes progress {
  0% { width: 0; }
  100% { width: 100%; }
}

.progress-bar {
  width: 100%;
  height: 4px;
  background: #e4e7ed;
  overflow: hidden;
}

.progress-bar::after {
  content: '';
  display: block;
  height: 100%;
  background: #409eff;
  animation: progress 2s ease-in-out infinite;
}

实用技巧

清除默认样式

css
/* 清除列表样式 */
.list-unstyled {
  list-style: none;
  padding-left: 0;
  margin: 0;
}

/* 清除图片默认间距 */
.img-block {
  display: block;
}

/* 清除链接下划线 */
.link-none {
  text-decoration: none;
  color: inherit;
}

点击穿透与禁用

css
/* 点击穿透(允许点击下层元素) */
.pointer-events-none {
  pointer-events: none;
}

/* 点击穿透(穿透后恢复点击) */
.pointer-events-auto {
  pointer-events: auto;
}

/* 禁用交互 */
.disabled {
  pointer-events: none;
  opacity: 0.5;
  cursor: not-allowed;
}

隐藏与显示

css
/* 完全隐藏(不占空间) */
.hidden {
  display: none !important;
}

/* 视觉隐藏(占空间但不可见) */
.visually-hidden {
  position: absolute;
  width: 1px;
  height: 1px;
  padding: 0;
  margin: -1px;
  overflow: hidden;
  clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
  white-space: nowrap;
  border-width: 0;
}

/* 溢出隐藏 */
.overflow-hidden {
  overflow: hidden;
}

/* 滚动 */
.overflow-auto {
  overflow: auto;
}

.overflow-scroll {
  overflow: scroll;
}

移动端优化

css
/* 禁止图片拖动/缩放 */
img {
  user-select: none;
  -webkit-user-drag: none;
  touch-action: manipulation;
}

/* 禁止长按选中文本 */
.no-long-press {
  -webkit-touch-callout: none;
  -webkit-user-select: none;
  user-select: none;
}

/* 禁止高亮 */
.no-highlight {
  -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;
}

/* 安全区域适配(刘海屏) */
.safe-area-inset-bottom {
  padding-bottom: env(safe-area-inset-bottom);
  padding-bottom: constant(safe-area-inset-bottom);
}

.safe-area-inset-top {
  padding-top: env(safe-area-inset-top);
  padding-top: constant(safe-area-inset-top);
}

响应式工具类

css
/* 响应式显示 */
@media (max-width: 767px) {
  .hide-mobile { display: none !important; }
  .show-mobile { display: block !important; }
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .hide-tablet { display: none !important; }
  .show-tablet { display: block !important; }
}

@media (min-width: 1024px) {
  .hide-desktop { display: none !important; }
  .show-desktop { display: block !important; }
}

/* 响应式宽度 */
.w-full { width: 100%; }
.w-screen { width: 100vw; }
.h-full { height: 100%; }
.h-screen { height: 100vh; }

/* 响应式间距 */
@media (max-width: 767px) {
  .p-sm { padding: 8px; }
  .m-sm { margin: 8px; }
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .p-md { padding: 16px; }
  .m-md { margin: 16px; }
}

滚动条样式

css
/* 自定义滚动条 */
.custom-scrollbar::-webkit-scrollbar {
  width: 8px;
  height: 8px;
}

.custom-scrollbar::-webkit-scrollbar-track {
  background: #f1f1f1;
  border-radius: 4px;
}

.custom-scrollbar::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb {
  background: #c1c1c1;
  border-radius: 4px;
}

.custom-scrollbar::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:hover {
  background: #a8a8a8;
}

/* 隐藏滚动条但保留功能 */
.hide-scrollbar {
  -ms-overflow-style: none;
  scrollbar-width: none;
}

.hide-scrollbar::-webkit-scrollbar {
  display: none;
}

打印样式

css
@media print {
  /* 隐藏不需要打印的元素 */
  .no-print {
    display: none !important;
  }

  /* 设置打印背景 */
  * {
    -webkit-print-color-adjust: exact !important;
    print-color-adjust: exact !important;
  }

  /* 避免分页断行 */
  h1, h2, h3 {
    page-break-after: avoid;
  }

  img, table {
    page-break-inside: avoid;
  }

  /* 设置页边距 */
  @page {
    margin: 2cm;
  }
}

硬件加速

css
/* 启用 GPU 加速 */
.gpu-accelerated {
  transform: translateZ(0);
  will-change: transform;
}

/* 平滑滚动 */
.smooth-scroll {
  scroll-behavior: smooth;
}

/* 减少重绘 */
.reduce-repaint {
  contain: layout style paint;
}

状态样式

css
/* 成功状态 */
.state-success {
  color: #67c23a;
  background: #f0f9ff;
  border-color: #67c23a;
}

/* 警告状态 */
.state-warning {
  color: #e6a23c;
  background: #fdf6ec;
  border-color: #e6a23c;
}

/* 危险状态 */
.state-danger {
  color: #f56c6c;
  background: #fef0f0;
  border-color: #f56c6c;
}

/* 信息状态 */
.state-info {
  color: #909399;
  background: #f4f4f5;
  border-color: #909399;
}

总结

本文档涵盖了 CSS 开发中的核心技巧和实用代码片段。建议在实际项目中:

  1. 使用预处理器:Sass/Less 可以提高开发效率,实现变量、混合、继承等功能
  2. 遵循命名规范:BEM 规范有助于构建可维护的 CSS 代码
  3. 合理使用 Flex/Grid:现代布局首选方案,避免传统浮动布局
  4. 关注性能:使用硬件加速、避免过度重绘
  5. 考虑响应式:使用媒体查询和相对单位实现适配

Will Try My Best.